Gafniy
72
Hf
Guruh
4
Davr
6
Block
d
Protonlar
Elektronlar
Neytronlar
72
72
106
General Properties
Atom raqami
72
Atom massasi
178,49
Mass Number
178
Turkum
Oʻtish metallar
Ranggi
Gray
Radioaktivlik
Yoʻq
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Crystal Structure
Simple Hexagonal
Tarix
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Elektron konfiguratsiyasi
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
Physical Properties
Phase
Qattiq modda
Zichlik
13,31 g/cm3
Erish harorati
2506,15 K | 2233 °C | 4051,4 °F
Qaynash harorati
4876,15 K | 4603 °C | 8317,4 °F
Heat of Fusion
25,5 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
630 kJ/mol
Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi
0,144 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0,00033%
Abundance in Universe
7×10-8%
CAS Number
7440-58-6
PubChem CID Number
23986
Atomic Properties
Atom radiusi
159 pm
Kovalentlik radiusi
175 pm
Elektrmanfiylik
1,3 (Poling boʻyicha)
Ionization Potential
6,8251 eV
Molyar hajm
13,6 cm3/mol
Issiqlik oʻtkazuvchanlik
0,23 W/cm·K
Oksidlanish darajasi
2, 3, 4
Applications
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotoplar
Barqaror izotoplar
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180HfBeqaror izotoplar
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf