Germaniy

32
Ge
Guruh
14
Davr
4
Block
p
Protonlar
Elektronlar
Neytronlar
32
32
41
General Properties
Atom raqami
32
Atom massasi
72,63
Mass Number
73
Turkum
Yarim metallar
Ranggi
Gray
Radioaktivlik
Yoʻq
From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic
Tarix
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.

In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.

The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 4
Elektron konfiguratsiyasi
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Ge
Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation
Physical Properties
Phase
Qattiq modda
Zichlik
5,323 g/cm3
Erish harorati
1211,4 K | 938,25 °C | 1720,85 °F
Qaynash harorati
3106,15 K | 2833 °C | 5131,4 °F
Heat of Fusion
31,8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
334 kJ/mol
Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi
0,32 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0,00014%
Abundance in Universe
0,00002%
Ultrapure
Image Credits: Images-of-elements
Ultrapure chunk of polycrystalline germanium
CAS Number
7440-56-4
PubChem CID Number
6326954
Atomic Properties
Atom radiusi
122 pm
Kovalentlik radiusi
122 pm
Elektrmanfiylik
2,01 (Poling boʻyicha)
Ionization Potential
7,8994 eV
Molyar hajm
13,6 cm3/mol
Issiqlik oʻtkazuvchanlik
0,599 W/cm·K
Oksidlanish darajasi
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4
Applications
The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.

Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.

It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.

It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is not known to be toxic
Izotoplar
Barqaror izotoplar
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge
Beqaror izotoplar
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 71Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge