Tuliy
69
Tm
Guruh
Nomaʼlum
Davr
6
Block
f
Protonlar
Elektronlar
Neytronlar
69
69
100
General Properties
Atom raqami
69
Atom massasi
168,93421
Mass Number
169
Turkum
Lantanoidlar
Ranggi
Silver
Radioaktivlik
Yoʻq
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Crystal Structure
Simple Hexagonal
Tarix
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Elektron konfiguratsiyasi
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Physical Properties
Phase
Qattiq modda
Zichlik
9,321 g/cm3
Erish harorati
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Qaynash harorati
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Heat of Fusion
16,8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
250 kJ/mol
Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi
0,16 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0,000045%
Abundance in Universe
1×10-8%
CAS Number
7440-30-4
PubChem CID Number
23961
Atomic Properties
Atom radiusi
176 pm
Kovalentlik radiusi
190 pm
Elektrmanfiylik
1,25 (Poling boʻyicha)
Ionization Potential
6,1843 eV
Molyar hajm
18,1 cm3/mol
Issiqlik oʻtkazuvchanlik
0,168 W/cm·K
Oksidlanish darajasi
2, 3
Applications
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotoplar
Barqaror izotoplar
169TmBeqaror izotoplar
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm